I. Organs of the Male Reproductive System
A. The functions of the organs of the male reproductive system are__________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. The primary organs of the male reproductive system are_________________ in which
________________________________________________________________________
C. The accessory organs of the male reproductive system are_______________________
________________________________________________________________________
II. Testes
A. Introduction
1. The testes are____________________________________________ structures.
2. The testes are suspended by_________________________________________
3. The testes are contained within______________________________________
B. Descent of the Testes
1. In a male fetus, the testes originate from_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Usually before birth, the testes descend to_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The hormone stimulates the testes to descend.__________________________
4. The gubernaculums is___________________________________________ that
functions to________________________________________________________
5. The inguinal canal is_______________________________________________
6. During descent, each testis carries____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Cryptorchidism is______________________________________________ and
leads to_________________________________________________ if untreated.
C. Structure of the Testes
1. The tunica albuginea is_____________________________________________
2. The mediastinum testis is___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The septa divide__________________________________________________
4. Seminiferous tubules are___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The rete testis is_______________________________________________ and
is located__________________________________________________________
6. The epididymis is formed from______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The seminiferous tubules are lined with________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Interstitial cells are located_______________________________________ and
produce___________________________________________________________
D. Formation of Sperm Cells
1. The lining of the seminiferous tubules consists of________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The functions of the sustentacular cells are_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Spermatogenic cells give rise to______________________________________
4. Spermatogonia are_____________________________________________ and
contain________________________________________________ chromosomes.
5. During embryonic development, spermatogonia_________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Primary spermatocytes are__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. At puberty,____________________ secretion rises and primary spermatocytes
undergo___________________________________________________________
8. The two divisions of meiosis are_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Meiosis I separates________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. Before meiosis I, each homologous chromosome is____________________ so
it consists of_______________________________________________________
11. Chromatids are__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. Centromeres are_________________________________________________
13. Each cell that undergoes meiosis II emerges with_______________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. Haploid is______________________________________________________
15. After meiosis II, each chromatid becomes_____________________________
16. The events of prophase I are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
17. Synapsis is_____________________________________________________
18. Crossover is____________________________________________________
19. The events of metaphase I are______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
20. The events of anaphase I are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
21. The events of telophase I are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. Meiosis II is similar to____________________________________________
23. The events of prophase II are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
24. The events of metaphase II are_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
25. The events of anaphase II are ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
26. The events of telophase II are______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
27. Each cell undergoing meiosis has the potential to produce________________
28. In males, gametes mature into______________________________________
29. In females, three of the products are______________________________ and
one cell___________________________________________________________
30. During spermatogenesis, primary spermatocytes divide to become__________
__________________________________________________________________
31. Each secondary spermatocyte divides to form_________________________
32. Spermatids mature into___________________________________________
33. Each primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis produces______________
_______________________________ with______________ chromosomes each.
34. Fertilization is___________________________________________________
35. Spermatogonia are located near the base of____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
36. As spermatogenesis occurs, cell_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
37. Occluding junctions are________________________________________ and
divide____________________________________________________________
38. The membranous complex of the occluding junctions helps maintain________
__________________________________________________________________
39. Spermatogenesis occurs____________________________________ , starting
at________________________________________________________________
40. The resulting sperm cells collect in___________________________ then pass
__________________________________________________________________
E. Structure of a Sperm Cell
1. A mature sperm cell consists of______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The head of a sperm cell is composed of_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. An acrosome is________________________________________________ that
functions to________________________________________________________
4. The midpiece of a sperm is composed of_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The tail of a sperm cell is______________________________________ which
provides___________________________________________________________
III. Male Internal Accessory Organs
A. Introduction
1. The male internal accessory organs include_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Epididymis
1. Each epididymis is_____________________________________________ and
is connected to_____________________________________________________
2. Epididymides are located___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The inner lining of the epididymis is composed of_______________________
_______________________ that secrete________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. When immature sperm cells reach the epididymis, they are_________________
C. Vas Deferens
1. Each vas deferens is____________________________________________ that
is lined with________________________________________________________
2. Each vas deferens is located________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Each vas deferens ends____________________________________________
4. The ampulla of a vas deferens is_____________________________________
5. The ejaculatory duct is formed by____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The ejaculatory duct passes through_______________________________ and
empties___________________________________________________________
D. Seminal Vesicle
1. A seminal vesicle is____________________________________________ that
is attached to_______________________________________________________
2. The secretions of the seminal vesicle are_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The functions of the secretions of the seminal vesicle are__________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. As sperm move through the vas deferens into the ejaculatory duct the contents of the
_________________________________________________ejaculatory ducts.
E. Prostate Gland
1. The prostate gland is___________________________________________ that
surrounds__________________________________________________________
2. The prostate gland is composed of____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The ducts of the prostate gland open into______________________________
4. The secretions of the prostate gland include____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The functions of the secretions of the prostate gland are__________________
__________________________________________________________________
F. Bulbourethral Glands
1. The bulbourethral glands are_____________________________________ that
are located_________________________________________________________
2. The bulbourethral glands are composed of_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The bulbourethral glands secrete________________________________ which
functions to________________________________________________________
G. Semen
1. Semen is_____________________________________________________ and
consists of_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The average number of sperm cells in semen is__________________________
3. Sperm cells cannot fertilize an egg cell until____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Capacitation is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Sperm cells live_________________________ in the female reproductive tract.
IV. Male External Reproductive Organs
A. Introduction
1. The male external reproductive organs are______________________________
2. The________________________________________ passes through the penis.
B. Scrotum
1. The scrotum consists of_________________________________________ and
is located__________________________________________________________
2. The function of the dartos muscle is__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The scrotum is divided into_________________________________________
4. Each chamber of the scrotum is lined with_______________________ , which
functions to________________________________________________________
C. Penis
1. The functions of the penis are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Erection is____________________________________________________ and
enables____________________________________________________________
3. The body of the penis is composed of_________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Corpora cavernosa is______________________________________________
5. Corpus spongiosum is______________________________________________
6. A tunica albuginea is______________________________________________
7. The glans penis is_________________________________________________
8. The external urethral orifice is_______________________________________
9. The prepuce is____________________________________________________
10. Circumcision is__________________________________________________
11. The crura of the penis is___________________________________________
12. The bulb of the penis is___________________________________________
D. Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
1. An erection is produced by_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Orgasm is____________________________________________________ and
in the male is accompanied by__________________________________________
3. Emission is______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Emission occurs in response to_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Ejaculation is____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The sequence of events during emission and ejaculation are________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The penis returns to a flaccid state due to______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
V. Hormonal control of Male Reproductive Functions
A. Introduction
1. Hormones secreted by_____________________________________________
_____________________________________ control male reproductive functions.
2. Hormones from these glands________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
1. The hypothalamus secretes_____________________________________ which
causes the anterior pituitary to release____________________________________
2. LH promotes____________________________________________________
3. FSH stimulates___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The presence of FSH and testosterone causes___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Inhibin is secreted by___________________________________________ and
functions to________________________________________________________
C. Male Sex Hormones
1. Androgens are________________________________________________ and
are produced by_____________________________________________________
2. The most important androgen is______________________________________
3. Dihydrotestosterone is__________________________________________ and
stimulates__________________________________________________________
4. Testosterone secretion begins____________________________________ then
ceases during_______________________________________________________
5. Puberty is_______________________________________________________
6. After puberty, testosterone secretion__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Actions of Testosterone
1. During embryonic development testosterone stimulates___________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. During puberty testosterone stimulates________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Secondary sex characteristics include_________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Testosterone increases the rate of_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Testosterone stimulates sexual activity by______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
E. Regulation of Male Sex Hormones
1. The extent to which male secondary sex characteristics develop is___________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The______________________________ regulates testosterone output through
__________________________________________________________________
3. As the concentration of testosterone in the blood increases, the hypothalamus_
________________________________, decreasing_______________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. As ICSH (LH) secretion falls, the amount of testosterone_________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. When the blood concentration of testosterone drops, the hypothalamus______
__________________________________________________________________
6. Male climacteric is________________________________________________
VII. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
A. The functions of the organs of the female reproductive are______________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. The primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are____________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. The accessory organs of the female reproductive system are_____________________
________________________________________________________________________
VIII. Ovaries
A. Introduction
1. Ovaries are______________________________________________________
2. Ovaries are located________________________________________________
B. Ovary Attachments
1. Ligaments help hold_______________________________________________
2. The broad ligament is______________________________________________
3. The suspensory ligament is__________________________________________
4. The ovarian ligament is_____________________________________________
C. Ovary Descent
1. The ovaries of the female originate from_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. During development, ovaries descend to_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Ovary Structure
1. The medulla of an ovary is__________________________________________
2. The cortex of an ovary is___________________________________________
3. The ovarian medulla is composed of__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The ovarian cortex consists of_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The germinal epithelium of an ovary is________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The tunica albuginea is_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
E. Primordial Follicle
1. Primordial follicles form during______________________________________
2. A primordial follicle consists of______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Early in development, the primary oocytes begin to undergo___________ , but
the process halts until________________________________________________
4. Of the million or so primordial follicles present at birth, only about__________
are left by the time of puberty.
F. Oogenesis
1. At puberty, some primary oocytes are stimulated to continue_______________
2. Oogenesis is_____________________________________________________
3. The division of a primary oocyte results in_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. A large secondary oocyte represents__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. If the secondary oocyte becomes fertilized, it will divide into______________
__________________________________________________________________
6. A zygote develops into____________________________________________
7. The formation of polar bodies function to______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
G. Follicle Maturation
1. At puberty, the_____________________________________________ secretes
increased amounts of FSH, and the ovaries_______________________________
2. When primordial follicles mature,____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Granulosa cells are________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The zona pellucida is______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. A primary follicle consists of________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The inner vascular layer is composed of________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The outer fibrous layer consists of____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. An antrum is_____________________________________________________
9. A secondary follicle consists of______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. A mature follicle consists of________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. As many as_____________________ primary follicles may begin to mature at
the same time.
12. The dominant follicle is___________________________________________
H. Ovulation
1. Ovulation releases________________________________________________
2. Ovulation is triggered by___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. After ovulation, the secondary oocyte and some follicular cells are propelled__
__________________________________________________________________
4. If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it will__________________________
IX. Female Internal Accessory Organs
A. Introduction
1. The internal accessory organs of the female reproductive system are_________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Uterine Tubes
1. Uterine tubes are suspended by______________________________________
2. Uterine tubes are located___________________________________________
3. The infundibulum of a uterine tube is_________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Fimbriae are_____________________________________________________
5. The walls of uterine tubes are composed of_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The cilia of the uterine tubes function to_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The egg moves down a uterine tube due to_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Uterus
1. The functions of the uterus are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The broad ligament is______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The round ligament is______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The uterus is located_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. In the nonpregnant state, the size of the uterus is________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The body of the uterus is___________________________________________
7. The fundus of the uterus is__________________________________________
8. The cervix is_____________________________________________________
9. The three layers of the wall of the uterus are____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. The endometrium is______________________________________________
11. The myometrium is_______________________________________________
12. The perimetrium is_______________________________________________
D. Vagina
1. The vagina is located______________________________________________
2. The functions of the vagina are______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Fornices of the vagina are__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The hymen of the vagina is_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The three layers of the vaginal wall are________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The mucosal layer is_______________________________________________
7. The muscular layer is______________________________________________
8. The fibrous layer is________________________________________________
X. Female External Reproductive Organs
A. Introduction
1. The external accessory organs of the female reproductive system are_________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The vulva is_____________________________________________________
B. Labia Majora
1. The labia major encloses____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The labia major are composed of_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The skin of the labia major contain___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The pudendal cleft is___________________________________________ and
includes___________________________________________________________
5. The mons pubis is_________________________________________________
C. Labia Minora
1. Labia minora are__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Labia minora are composed of_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Clitoris
1. The clitoris is_________________________________________________ and
is located__________________________________________________________
2. The clitoris is composed of__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The crura of the clitoris is___________________________________________
4. The glans of the clitoris is___________________________________________
E. Vestibule
1. The vestibule contains_____________________________________________
2. Vestibular glands are located_____________________________________ and
function to_________________________________________________________
3. Vestibular bulbs are_______________________________________________
F. Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm
1. Erection of the clitoris occurs due to__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The_______________________________ nervous system stimulates vestibular
glands to__________________________________________________________
3. Orgasm is_______________________________________________________
XI. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
A. Introduction
1. The glands that regulate the functions of the female reproductive system are__
__________________________________________________________________
B. Female Sex Hormones
1. In a female, the hypothalamus begins to secrete____________ around puberty,
which in turn causes_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. FSH and LH function to___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________ secrete estrogens
and progesterone.
4. Estrogens stimulate_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Female secondary sex characteristics are_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The actions of progesterone are______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The functions of androgens in the female are___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Female Reproductive Cycle
1. The anterior pituitary gland secretes__________________________________
2. FSH stimulates___________________________________________________
3. Estrogens and some progesterone are secreted by________________________
4. Estrogens function to______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The anterior pituitary releases a surge of_______________________________
6. An LH surge stimulates____________________________________________
7. The corpus luteum develops from_________________________________ and
produces__________________________________________________________
8. Estrogens continue to stimulate______________________________________
9. Progesterone stimulates____________________________________________
10. Estrogens and progesterone inhibit__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum____________ and
no longer secretes___________________________________________________
12. As estrogens and progesterone levels decline,_____________________ in the
endometrium constrict.
13. The endometrium _______________________________________________ ,
producing a menstrual flow.
14. The reproductive cycle then________________________________________
D. Menopause
1. Menopause is____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Menopause is caused by____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Changes that result from a decrease of estrogens and progesterone are_______
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
XII. Mammary Glands
A. Location of the Glands
1. The mammary glands are located_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Breasts are______________________________________________________
3. The breasts overlie ________________________ and extend______________
__________________________________________________________________
4. A nipple is______________________________________________________
5. The areola is_____________________________________________________
B. Structure of the Glands
1. A mammary gland is composed of____________________________________
2. Each lobule of a mammary gland contains______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Suspensory ligaments are___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Development of the Breasts
1. _________________________ stimulate development of breasts in the female.
2. As a result of ovarian hormones,_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
XIII. Birth Control
A. Introduction
1. Birth control is___________________________________________________
2. Contraception is designed to_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Coitus Interruptus
1. Coitus interruptus is_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Coitus interruptus may result in pregnancy because______________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Rhythm Method
1. The rhythm method requires________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The rhythm method results in a relatively high rate of pregnancies because____
__________________________________________________________________
D. Mechanical Barriers
1. Mechanical barriers prevent_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Examples of mechanical barriers are__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. A male condom is_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. A female condom is_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. A diaphragm is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. A cervical cap is__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
E. Chemical Barriers
1. Chemical barrier contraceptives include________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Chemical barrier contraceptives are easy to use but_______________________
3. Chemical barrier contraceptives are more effective when__________________
__________________________________________________________________
F. Combined Hormone Contraceptives
1. Combined hormone contraceptives deliver_______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. An oral contraceptive contains_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. When a woman takes the pill daily, the drugs___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Side effect of oral contraceptives include______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
G. Injectable Contraception
1. An example of an injectable contraceptive is____________________________
2. The actions of Depo-Provera are_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. One injection of Depo-Provera lasts__________________________________
H. Intrauterine Devices
1. An intrauterine device is___________________________________________
2. An IUD interferes with____________________________________________
I. Surgical Methods
1. A vasectomy is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. A tubal ligation is_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
XIV. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
A. Sexually transmitted diseases are often called “silent” because___________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. Signs and symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases are_______________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. Pelvic inflammatory disease is_____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
