I. Introduction
A. A zygote is formed when________________________________________________
B. Growth refers to_______________________________________________________
C. Development is________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. The two life phases are__________________________________________________
E. The prenatal phase extends_______________________________________________
F. The postnatal phase extends______________________________________________
II. Pregnancy
A. Introduction
1. Pregnancy is_____________________________________________________
2. Fertilization is____________________________________________________
B. Transport of Sex Cells
1. Before fertilization can occur, a__________________________________ must
be ovulated and enter________________________________________________
2. To reach the secondary oocyte, sperm cells must_________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Prostoglandins in semen ______________________of sperm tails and _______
_____________________________within the wall of the uterus and uterine tube.
4. ________________________________ sperm cells reach the secondary oocyte.
5. Usually only____________________________ fertilizes the secondary oocyte.
6. A secondary oocyte survives________________________ following ovulation.
7. Sperms cells survive_____________________ in the female reproductive tract.
B. Fertilization
1. The corona radiata is______________________________________________
2. The zona pellucida is located________________________________________
3. The function of an acrosome is______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________ reduces the chance that other sperm cells will penetrate the secondary oocyte.
5. Once a sperm cell enters the oocyte’s cytoplasm, the secondary oocyte_______
__________________________________________________________________
III. Prenatal Period
A. Introduction
1. The prenatal period usually last for ___________________________________
2. The three periods of the prenatal period are_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Period of Cleavage
1. The events of cleavage are__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Blastomeres are__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. A morula is______________________________________________________
4. A blastocyst is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The two regions of cells of a blastocyst are_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The inner cell mass gives rise to______________________________________
7. The trophoblast gives rise to_________________________________________
8. The events of implantation are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Implantation begins normally about___________________________________
and is completed during the ______________________________of development.
10. Following implantation, cells of the trophoblast secrete__________________
11. The placenta is__________________________________________________
12. The placenta functions to__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy
1. The hormone hCG normally helps prevent_____________________________
2. The effects of hCG are_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The corpus luteum secretes__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The placenta secretes______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The effects of estrogens and progesterone are___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The effect of placental lactogen is____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The effects of relaxin are___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. The effect of aldosterone is_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. The effect of PTH is_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Other Changes During Pregnancy
1. The uterus eventually extends_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The increase in size of the uterus puts pressure on________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Other maternal factors that increase during pregnancy are_________________
__________________________________________________________________
E. Embryonic Stage
1. The embryonic stage extends from___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The events of the embryonic period include____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Primary germ layers are_________________________________________ and
form during________________________________________________________
4. A gastrula is_____________________________________________________
5. The connecting stalk is_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Gastrulation is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Ectoderm gives rise to_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Mesoderm gives rise to_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Endoderm gives rise to_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. The chorion is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. Chorionic villi are________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. Lacunae are____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Major events of the fourth week of development are____________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. Major events of the fifth through seventh weeks of development are_______
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
15. Major events of the eighth week of development are____________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
16. The placental membrane is composed of______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
17. Substances that are exchanged across the placental membrane are__________
__________________________________________________________________
18. The embryonic portion of the placenta is composed of___________________
__________________________________________________________________
19. The maternal portion of the placenta is composed of____________________
__________________________________________________________________
20. The amnion is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
21. The function of amniotic fluid is____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
22. The umbilical cord is formed from___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
23. The three blood vessels found in the umbilical cord are__________________
__________________________________________________________________
24. The yolk sac is__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
25. The allantois is__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
26. The amniochorionic membrane is____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
27. The embryonic stage concludes_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
28. Teratogens are__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
F. Fetal Stage
1. The fetal stage is__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The major events of the ninth through twelfth week of development are______
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The major events of the thirteenth through sixteenth week of development are
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The major events of the seventeenth through twentieth week of development are
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The major events of the twenty-first through thirty-eighth week of development
are_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
G. Fetal Blood and Circulation
1. Fetal hemoglobin is different from maternal hemoglobin in that_____________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The function of the umbilical vein is__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The function of the ductus venosus is_________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The function of the foramen ovale is__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The function of the ductus arteriosus is________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The function of the umbilical arteries is________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
H. Birth Process
1. Uterine contractions are stimulated at the beginning of the birth process by___
__________________________________________________________________
2. The release of oxytocin is stimulated by_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The functions of oxytocin are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Labor is said to be controlled by a positive feedback mechanism because_____
__________________________________________________________________
5. Afterbirth is_____________________________________________________
6. Involution is_____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
I. Milk Production and Secretion
1. Hormones that stimulate further development of breasts during pregnancy are
__________________________________________________________________
2. The actions of estrogens on the breasts are_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The actions of progesterone on the breasts are___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The actions of prolactin on the breasts are______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Colostrum_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Myoepithelial cells are_____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Mechanical stimulation of the nipples signals___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. The actions of oxytocin on the breasts are______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Inhibition of prolactin is triggered by_________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. A woman who is breastfeeding generally does not ovulate because_________
__________________________________________________________________
IV. Postnatal Period
A. Introduction
1. The postnatal period extends________________________________________
2. The major divisions of the postnatal period are__________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Neonatal Period
1. The neonatal period extends from____________________________________
2. A newborn’s first breath is crucial because_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The first breath is forceful because___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The metabolic rate of a newborn is___________________________________
5. The liver of a newborn cannot_______________________________________
6. The newborn uses________________________________________ for energy.
7. The kidneys of a newborn are unable to_______________________________
8. A newborn is susceptible to dehydration because________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Body temperature is unstable in a newborn because______________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. The cardiovascular adjustments of the newborn are_____________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Infancy
1. Infancy is_______________________________________________________
2. Major events of infancy are_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
D. Childhood
1. Childhood is_____________________________________________________
2. Major events of childhood are_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
E. Adolescence
1. Adolescence is___________________________________________________
2. Major events of adolescence are_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
F. Adulthood
1. Adulthood is____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. By the third decade, obvious signs of aging are_________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. In the fourth decade, developmental changes are________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. The developmental changes during the fifth decade are___________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Developmental changes during the sixth decade are______________________
__________________________________________________________________
G. Senescence
1. Senescence is____________________________________________________
2. Senescence is the result of__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Major events of senescence include___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Death usually results from__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
V. Aging
A. Introduction
1. Aging is difficult to analyze because__________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Gerontology is___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Passive Aging
1. Passive aging entails_______________________________________________
2. At the molecular level, passive aging is seen in__________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. A free radical is__________________________________________________
4. The role of free radicals in aging is___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Active Aging
1. Active signs of aging are___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Apoptosis is_____________________________________________________
D. The Human Life Span
1. The human life span is_____________________________________________
2. Life expectancy is________________________________________________
3. Life expectancy approaches life span as_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Life expectancy had increased because________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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